Naturmuseum Senckenberg
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The Naturmuseum Senckenberg (SMF)[7] is a museum of natural history, located in Frankfurt am Main. It is the second-largest of its kind in Germany. In 2010, almost 517,000 people visited the museum, which is owned by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[8] Senckenberg's slogan is "world of biodiversity".[9] As of 2019[update], the museum exhibits 18 reconstructed dinosaurs.[10]
History
In 1763, Johann Christian Senckenberg donated 95,000 guilders–his entire fortune–to establish a community hospital and promote scientific projects.[11][12] Senckenberg died in 1772. In 1817, 32 Frankfurt citizens founded the non-profit Senckenberg Nature Research Society, German: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (SGN), which is a member of the Leibniz Association.[13][14][15] Soon after, Johann Georg Neuburg [de] donated his collection of bird and mammal specimens to the society.[14] The Naturmuseum Senckenberg was founded in 1821, just four years later.[a][17] Initially located near the Eschenheimer Turm,[18] the museum moved to a new building on Senckenberganlage in 1907.[19]In 1896 a mummified Egyptian child in their collection (inventory number ÄS 18) was the subject of the first mummy X-ray.[20] During World War II, the building was partly destroyed.[b] However, the exhibits had been evacuated before.[14]
Building
The neo-baroque building[21] housing the Senckenberg Museum was erected between 1904 and 1907 by Ludwig Neher [de] outside of the center of Frankfurt in the same area as the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, which was founded in 1914.[22] The museum is owned and operated by the Senckenberg Nature Research Society.[23] The exhibition area covers 6,000 m2 (65,000 sq ft).[24]
- Floor plans of the basement, ground floor and first floor of the Senckenberg Museum at the time of construction, published 1908
- Cross section through the main axis of the Senckenberg Museum, published 1908
Source:[25]
Expansion plans
As of 2018[update], the museum has been expanded to 10,000 m2 (110,000 sq ft).[c][27] New planned sections: Human, Earth, Cosmos, Future.[28][29]
Directors
- 2021–present Brigitte Franzen [de][30]
Collections
The Senckenberg Museum Frankfurt has a large collection of animal, plant[31] and geology[32] exhibits from every epoch of Earth's history.
Dinosaurs
Diplodocus
Main attraction is a Diplodocus from Bone Cabin Quarry, Wyoming,[33][34] donated by the American Museum of Natural History on the occasion of the present museum building's inauguration on 13 October 1907,[16][35][36] The 18 m (59 ft) mounted skeleton with additions contains bones of three different sauropod genera (Diplodocus and closely related Apatosaurus and Barosaurus).[33][37]
Psittacosaurus
As of 2022[update], a key holding is a fossilized Psittacosaurus (specimen SMF R 4970) from Liaoning, China, with clear bristles around its tail and visible fossilized stomach contents.[38][39][40] The specimen was first reported in 2002.[39][41] The exact date and locality of the discovery within Liaoning is unknown.[38] A controversial debate about the legal ownership arose.[38][42] In 2021, researchers described its cloaca in more detail and found similarities with the body outlet of birds.[43][44][45] In 2022, for the first time a belly button was found in a dinosaur fossil.[39][46] A physical life reconstruction of the animal was prepared by paleoartist Robert Nicholls.[47][48]
Edmontosaurus and Triceratops
Another originals are an Edmontosaurus annectens mummy (specimen SMF R 4036) from Lance Formation, Wyoming.[49][50][51] and two Triceratops skulls.[52][10] The museum bought the three specimen from fossil collector Charles Hazelius Sternberg and his sons in the early 20th century.[53][54] The museum also exhibits a cast of a complete Triceratops,[10] the museum's mascot.[55]
Casts
Big public attractions also include the casts of Tyrannosaurus rex[d] and Diplodocus longus (in front of the museum), an Iguanodon, the crested Hadrosaur Parasaurolophus and an Oviraptor.[34]
Further casts or single bones:[34]
- Archaeopteryx lithographica
- Brachiosaurus brancai
- Compsognathus longipes
- Euoplocephalus tutus
- Plateosaurus engelhardti
- Protoceratops
- Sinosauropteryx prima
- Stegosaurus stenops
- Amargasaurus cazaui
- Argentinosaurus huinculensis
- Austroraptor cabazai
- Carnotaurus sastrei
- Eoraptor lunensis
- Giganotosaurus carolinii
- Kritosaurus australis
- Panphagia protos
Birds
A living reconstruction of the extinkt dodo and many other stuffed birds are shown in a permanent exhibition in the upper level.[56] Additionally, the museum owns a large and diverse collection of birds with 90,000 bird skins, 5,050 egg sets, 17,000 skeletons, and 3,375 spirit specimens (a specimen preserved in fluid).[57][58] This is 75% of the known bird species, only a minor part is exhibited.[58]
Reptiles
Anaconda is one of the oldest and most popular exhibits.[59] Since the remodeling finished in 2003, a new reptile exhibit addresses both the biodiversity of reptiles and amphibians and the topic of nature conservation.[60]
Messel research
The museum houses many originals from the nearby Messel pit,[61] Germany's first UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site,[62] among them a predecessor to the modern horse that lived about 50 million years ago and stood less than 60 cm (24 in) tall.[63][64][65] In 2015, researchers found an foal fetus in the body of the petrified primeval horse mare.[66][67][68] Also primates, crocodiles, bats, snakes, turtles and other fossils were found at Messel pit.[69]
Mammals
Display collections full of stuffed animals are arranged in the upper levels; among other things one can see one of twenty existing examples of the quagga, which has been extinct since 1883.[70][71]
The mammal collection focuses on bats, primates, rodents, and insectivores (not exhibited).[72]
Human evolution
Unique in Europe is a cast of the famous Lucy,[e] an almost complete skeleton of the upright, 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall, hominid Australopithecus afarensis.[74] The exhibition also includes reconstructions of the heads of human ancestors.[74]
Gallery
- Original Triceratops skulls
- Reconstructed skeleton of Giganotosaurus carolinii
- Original Diplodocus
- Original Edmontosaurus mummy
- Original Psittacosaurus
- Green Anaconda (Eunectes murinus) devours a capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)
- Original Messel fossil Eurohippus messelensis, primeval horse
- Reconstructed skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis ("Lucy")
See also
- Museumsufer
- Edmontosaurus mummy SMF R 4036
- Messel pit
- Museum of Natural History, Görlitz
Notes
- ^ The museum was opened to the public on 22 November 1821.[16]
- ^ Bombing of Frankfurt am Main in World War II, on 22 March 1944.[14]
- ^ Including buildings Alte Physik (south) and Jügelbau (north) by architect Peter Kulka.[26]
- ^ Copy of a Tyrannosaurus located at the American Museum of Natural History in New York.[10]
- ^ The original Lucy is stored in a safe at the National Museum of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[73]
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Bereits im Jahr davor hatten die Sternbergs in derselben Gegend zwei Triceratops-Schädel entdeckt, die sie später an Senckenberg verkauften.
[Already in the year beforehand in the same area, the Sternbergs had discovered two Triceratops skulls, which they later sold to Senckenberg.] - ^ Sternberg, Charles H. (23 December 1912). "Expeditions to the Miocene of Wyoming and the Chalk Beds of Kansas". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 25: 45–49. doi:10.2307/3624243. ISSN 0022-8443. JSTOR 3624243.
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Further reading
- Natur-Museum und Forschungs-Institut Senckenberg (1972). Senckenberg Natural History Museum of the Senckenberg Natural History Research Society : [guide-book]. Frankfurt am Main: Kramer. ISBN 978-3-7829-1039-2. OCLC 1256488478.
- Ziegler, Willi (1987). Naturmuseum Senckenberg Führer durch d. Ausstellungen (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Kramer. ISBN 978-3-7829-1108-5. OCLC 74831798.
- Senckenberg. Naturforschende Ges., Frankfurt a. Main (1972). Natur-Museum Senckenberg (in German). Frankfurt (am Main): Kramer. ISBN 978-3-7829-1040-8. OCLC 74134133.
- Stillbauer, Thomas (29 April 2021). "Frankfurt: Senckenberg wächst enorm". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- "Das neue Senckenberg: Mehr Platz für die großen Fragen". Süddeutsche.de (in German). 29 April 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- "150 Jahre Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft in Frankfurt, 28. Oktober 1967". Zeitgeschichte in Hessen (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Scholz, Joachim; Afshar, Karin (2017). Briefe an die Lebenden Geschichten aus dem Senckenberg-Museum (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung. ISBN 978-3-929907-93-3. OCLC 986511315.
- Baumann, Margret; Bauer, Friederike; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (2020). 200 Jahre Senckenberg. Die Zeit von 1993–2017 (in German). Stuttgart: E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Nägele und Obermiller. ISBN 978-3-510-61416-5. OCLC 1192503441.
- Kühl, Stefan; Müller, Vera; Wolff, Birgitta. "Museum für Dodo, Dinos und Menschheits-Fragen". Forschung & Lehre (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- "Vor 200 Jahren gegründet: Die Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft – Mit Bürgersinn der Natur auf der Spur". Deutschlandfunk (in German). 22 November 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Mosbrugger, Volker; Dürr, Sören; Havlik, Philipe; Herkner, Bernd; Moll, Valentina; Neitscher, Eva; Rossmanith, Eva (2015). Auge in Auge mit der Natur Senckenberg Naturmuseum Frankfurt (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung. ISBN 978-3-929907-90-2. OCLC 926153922.
- Nigge, Klaus; Schulze-Hagen, Karl; Fiebig, Jürgen; Vogel, Johannes (2022). Vogelwelten : Expeditionen ins Museum (in German). München: Knesebeck GmbH et Co. Verlag KG. ISBN 978-3-95728-410-5. OCLC 1350778543.
- Patalong, Frank (5 February 2020). "So wird ein Dino zusammengesetzt". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- "Blick hinter die Kulissen der Messel-Forschung". Der Spiegel (in German). 30 September 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Seidler, Christoph (1 June 2020). "Neue Ausstellung: Paläontologen graben in Frankfurt nach Dinos". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Uhl, Dieter; Havlik, Philipe (2021). "Edmonds Urzeit". Biologie in unserer Zeit (in German). 51 (3): Vol. 51 No. 3 (2021): Edmonds Urzeit. doi:10.11576/BIUZ-4573. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- "Diplodocus, Clipping from The Morning Post". Newspapers.com. 18 May 1908. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
External links
- Official website (in German and English)
- "Senckenberg Naturmuseum". Museumsufer Frankfurt. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
- "Senckenberg Nature Museum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Das neue Senckenberg-Museum erklärt on YouTube (in German)
- Naturmuseum Senckenberg's channel on YouTube
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